Excavations at Ancient Taxila Reveal Early City Predating Greek-Style Planning

Ruins of Bhir Mound at ancient Taxila. Credit: Dawoodmajoka / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain

Archaeologists digging at Bhir Mound in the ancient city of Taxila have uncovered signs of early urban planning that contrast with later patterns seen in ancient Greek town planning. The site, believed to date back to before the 6th century BC, offers new insight into the early development of cities in South Asia.

The Punjab Department of Archaeology explained that the recent discoveries include narrow lanes, housing structures, grain storage areas, water wells and everyday artefacts. Experts say the city grew naturally without a rigid layout, unlike the grid-style planning introduced later during the Greek period.

This finding highlights a distinct, indigenous approach to early urban life, different from what emerged under Hellenistic influence.

Early urban layout reflects indigenous city development

The excavation project, aimed at rediscovering Taxila’s earliest settlement, is part of a broader effort to explore the roots of the Gandhara civilization. Former director of Punjab Archaeology Malik Maqsood Ahmed said Bhir Mound is the oldest of Taxila’s three major historic cities, which also include Sirkap and Sirsukh.

🚨 Excavations at Bhir Mound, Taxila reveal signs of early city planning that contrast with ancient Greek town planning.

New finds shed light on South Asia’s oldest urban center.
📍#Taxila #Archaeology #AncientHistory #Gandhara #Heritage #Pakistan pic.twitter.com/hjBmDPzkwN

— Tom Marvolo Riddle (@tom_riddle2025) December 24, 2025

He noted that the site’s importance is enhanced by remains from the Achaemenid and early Mauryan periods, as well as layers that predate the arrival of Alexander the Great.

Ahmed explained that the city once sat along ancient trade routes linking Central Asia, Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent, which added to its strategic and cultural significance.

Modern tools preserve ancient Greek town planning context

To preserve and document the site, the Directorate of Punjab Archaeology is using modern technology such as GPS mapping, drone imagery, 3D scanning and digital records. Officials said this approach ensures the accuracy of data for future academic research and contributes to the long-term conservation of the region’s cultural heritage.

The department noted that the excavation is not limited to uncovering artefacts. It also supports academic study and offers field training for young archaeologists.

A proposal to turn Bhir Mound into an open-air museum is under review, with the goal of improving public access and awareness of the site’s historical value.

Officials added that ongoing research and preservation efforts are helping position Punjab as a regional leader in archaeology and heritage conservation.